4. Infrastructure Capabilities, Measurements and Catalogue

4.1. Capabilities and Performance Measurements

This section describes the Capabilities provided by the Cloud Infrastructure, and the Performance Measurements (PMs) generated by the Cloud Infrastructure (i.e., without the use of external instrumentation).

The Capability and PM identifiers conform to the following schema:

a.b.c (E.g., “e.pm.001”)

a = Scope <(e)xternal | (i)nternal | (t)hird_party_instrumentation>

b = Type <(cap) capability | (man) management | (pm) performance | (man-pm)>

c = Serial Number

4.1.1. Exposed vs Internal

The following definitions specify the context of the Cloud Infrastructure Resources, Capabilities and Performance Measurements (PMs).

Exposed: Refers to any object (e.g., resource discovery/configuration/consumption, platform telemetry, interface, etc.) that exists in or pertains to, the domain of the Cloud Infrastructure and is made visible (aka “Exposed”) to a workload. When an object is exposed to a given workload, the scope of visibility within a given workload is at the discretion of the workload’s designer. From an infrastructure perspective, the Infra-resident object is simply being exposed to one or more virtual environments (i.e., workloads). It is the responsibility of the kernel or supervisor/executive within the resource instance (VM or container) to control how, when and where the object is further exposed within the resource instance, with regard to permissions, security, etc. An object(s) is by definition visible within its domain of origin.

Internal: Effectively the opposite of Exposed; objects are exclusively available for use within the Cloud Infrastructure.

Figure 4.1 Exposed vs. Internal Scope

As illustrated in the figure above, objects designated as “Internal” are only visible within the area inside the blue oval (the Cloud Infrastructure), and only when the entity accessing the object has the appropriate permissions. Whereas objects designated as “Exposed” are potentially visible from both the area within the green oval (the Workloads), as well as from within the Cloud Infrastructure, again provided the entity accessing the object has appropriate permissions.

Note: The figure above indicates the areas from where the objects are visible. It is not intended to indicate where the objects are instantiated. For example, the virtual resources are instantiated within the Cloud Infrastructure (the blue area), but are Exposed, and therefore are visible to the Workloads, within the green area.

4.1.2. Exposed Infrastructure Capabilities

This section describes a set of exposed Cloud Infrastructure capabilities and performance measurements. These capabilities and PMs are well known to workloads as they provide capabilities which workloads rely on.

Note: It is expected that Cloud Infrastructure capabilities and measurements will expand over time as more capabilities are added and technology enhances and matures.

4.1.2.1. Exposed Resource Capabilities

Table 4-1 below shows resource capabilities of the Cloud Infrastructure available to workloads.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
e.cap.001	# vCPU	number	Max number of vCPUs that can be assigned to a single VM or Pod (1)
e.cap.002	RAM Size	MB	Max memory in MB that can be assigned to a single VM or Pod by the Cloud Infrastructure (2)
e.cap.003	Total per-instance (ephemeral) storage	GB	Max storage in GB that can be assigned to a single VM or Pod by the Cloud Infrastructure
e.cap.004	# Connection points	number	Max number of connection points that can be assigned to a single VM or Pod by the Cloud Infrastructure
e.cap.005	Total external (persistent) storage	GB	Max storage in GB that can be attached/mounted to VM or Pod by the Cloud Infrastructure

Table 4-1: Exposed Resource Capabilities of Cloud Infrastructure

1. In a Kubernetes based environment this means the CPU limit of a pod.

2. In a Kubernetes based environment this means the memory limit of a pod.

4.1.2.2. Exposed Performance Optimisation Capabilities

Table 4-2 lists performance optimisation capabilities exposed to workloads by the Cloud Infrastructure.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
e.cap.006	CPU pinning	Yes/No	Indicates if Cloud Infrastructure supports CPU pinning
e.cap.007	NUMA alignment	Yes/No	Indicates if Cloud Infrastructure supports NUMA alignment
e.cap.008	IPSec Acceleration	Yes/No	IPSec Acceleration
e.cap.009	Crypto Acceleration	Yes/No	Crypto Acceleration
e.cap.010	Transcoding Acceleration	Yes/No	Transcoding Acceleration
e.cap.011	Programmable Acceleration	Yes/No	Programmable Acceleration
e.cap.012	Enhanced Cache Management	Yes/No	If supported, L=Lean; E=Equal; X=eXpanded. L and X cache policies require CPU pinning to be active
e.cap.013	SR-IOV over PCI-PT	Yes/No	Traditional SR-IOV. These Capabilities generally require hardware-dependent drivers be injected into workloads
e.cap.014	GPU/NPU	Yes/No	Hardware coprocessor. These Capabilities generally require hardware-dependent drivers be injected into workloads
e.cap.015	SmartNIC	Yes/No	Network Acceleration
e.cap.016	FPGA/other Acceleration HW	Yes/No	These Capabilities generally require hardware-dependent drivers be injected into workloads
e.cap.023	Huge pages	Yes/No	Indicates if the Cloud Infrastructure supports huge pages
e.cap.024	CPU allocation ratio	Yes/No	N:1: Number of virtual cores per physical core; also known as CPU overbooking ratio

Table 4-2: Exposed Performance Optimisation Capabilities of Cloud Infrastructure

Enhanced Cache Management is a compute performance enhancer that applies a cache management policy to the socket hosting a given virtual compute instance, provided the associated physical CPU microarchitecture supports it. Cache management policy can be used to specify the static allocation of cache resources to cores within a socket. The “Equal” policy distributes the available cache resources equally across all of the physical cores in the socket. The “eXpanded” policy provides additional resources to the core pinned to a workload that has the “X” attribute applied. The “Lean” attribute can be applied to workloads which do not realise significant benefit from a marginal cache size increase and are hence willing to relinquish unneeded resources.

In addition to static allocation, an advanced Reference Architecture implementation can implement dynamic cache management control policies, operating with tight (~ms) or standard (10s of seconds) control loop response times, thereby achieving higher overall performance for the socket.

4.1.2.3. Exposed Monitoring Capabilities

Monitoring capabilities are used for the passive observation of workload-specific traffic traversing the Cloud Infrastructure. As with all capabilities, Monitoring may be unavailable or intentionally disabled for security reasons in a given Cloud Infrastructure deployment. If this functionality is enabled, it must be subject to strict security policies. Refer to the Reference Model Security chapter for additional details.

Table 4-3 shows possible monitoring capabilities available from the Cloud Infrastructure for workloads.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
e.cap.017	Monitoring of L2-7 data	Yes/No	Ability to monitor L2-L7 data from workload

Table 4-3: Exposed Monitoring Capabilities of Cloud Infrastructure

Table 4-4: Place holder

4.1.3. Internal Infrastructure Capabilities

This section covers a list of implicit Cloud Infrastructure capabilities and measurements. These capabilities and metrics are hidden from workloads (i.e., workloads may not know about them) but they will impact the overall performance and capabilities of a given Cloud Infrastructure solution.

Note: It is expected that implicit Cloud Infrastructure capabilities and metrics will evolve with time as more capabilities are added as technology enhances and matures.

4.1.3.1. Internal Resource Capabilities

Table 4-5 shows resource capabilities of Cloud Infrastructure. These include capabilities offered to workloads and resources consumed internally by Cloud Infrastructure.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
i.cap.014	CPU cores consumed by the Cloud Infrastructure overhead on a worker (compute) node	%	The ratio of cores consumed by the Cloud Infrastructure components (including host OS) in a compute node to the total number of cores available expressed as a percentage
i.cap.015	Memory consumed by the Cloud Infrastructure overhead on a worker (compute) node	%	The ratio of memory consumed by the Cloud Infrastructure components (including host OS) in a worker (compute) node to the total available memory expressed as a percentage

Table 4-5: Internal Resource Capabilities of Cloud Infrastructure

4.1.3.2. Internal SLA capabilities

Table 4-6 below shows SLA (Service Level Agreement) capabilities of Cloud Infrastructure. These include Cloud Infrastructure capabilities required by workloads as well as required internal to Cloud Infrastructure. Application of these capabilities to a given workload is determined by its Cloud Infrastructure Profile.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
i.cap.017	Connection point QoS	Yes/No	QoS enablement of the connection point (vNIC or interface)

Table 4-6: Internal SLA capabilities to Cloud Infrastructure

4.1.3.3. Internal Performance Measurement Capabilities

Table 4-8 shows possible performance measurement capabilities for the Cloud Infrastructure. The availability of these capabilities will be determined by the Cloud Infrastructure Profile used by the workloads. These measurements or events should be collected and monitored by monitoring tools.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
i.pm.001	Host CPU usage	nanoseconds	Per Compute node. It maps to ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1 [5] clause 6, processor usage metric (Cloud Infrastructure internal).
i.pm.002	Virtual compute resource (vCPU) usage	nanoseconds	Per VM or Pod. It maps to ETSI GS NFV-IFA 027 v2.4.1 [6] Mean vCPU usage and Peak vCPU usage (Cloud Infrastructure external).
i.pm.003	Host CPU utilisation	%	Per Compute node. It maps to ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.2.1 [5] clause 6, processor usage metric (Cloud Infrastructure internal).
i.pm.004	Virtual compute resource (vCPU) utilisation	%	Per VM or Pod. It maps to ETSI GS NFV-IFA 027 v2.4.1 [6] Mean vCPU usage and Peak vCPU usage (Cloud Infrastructure external).
i.pm.005	Network metric, Packet count	Number of packets	Number of successfully transmitted or received packets per physical or virtual interface, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.006	Network metric, Octet count	8-bit bytes	Number of 8-bit bytes that constitute successfully transmitted or received packets per physical or virtual interface, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.007	Network metric, Dropped Packet count	Number of packets	Number of discarded packets per physical or virtual interface, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.008	Network metric, Errored Packet count	Number of packets	Number of erroneous packets per physical or virtual interface, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.009	Memory buffered	KiB	Amount of temporary storage for raw disk blocks, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.010	Memory cached	KiB	Amount of RAM used as cache memory, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.011	Memory free	KiB	Amount of RAM unused, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.
i.pm.012	Memory slab	KiB	Amount of memory used as a data structure cache by the kernel, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.
i.pm.013	Memory total	KiB	Amount of usable RAM, as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.
i.pm.014	Storage free space	Bytes	for a given storage system, amount of unused storage as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.015	Storage used space	Bytes	for a given storage system, amount of storage used as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.016	Storage reserved space	Bytes	for a given storage system, amount of storage reserved as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.017	Storage Read latency	Milliseconds	for a given storage system, average amount of time to perform a Read operation as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.018	Storage Read IOPS	operations per second	for a given storage system, average rate of performing Read operations as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.019	Storage Read Throughput	Bytes per second	for a given storage system, average rate of performing Read operations as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.020	Storage Write latency	Milliseconds	for a given storage system, average amount of time to perform a Write operation as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.021	Storage Write IOPS	operations per second	for a given storage system, average rate of performing Write operations as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1
i.pm.022	Storage Write Throughput	Bytes per second	for a given storage system, average rate of performing Write operations as defined in ETSI GS NFV-TST 008 V3.5.1

Table 4-8: Internal Measurement Capabilities of Cloud Infrastructure

4.1.4. Cloud Infrastructure Management Capabilities

The Cloud Infrastructure Manager (CIM) is responsible for controlling and managing the Cloud Infrastructure compute, storage, and network resources. Resources are dynamically allocated based on workload requirements. This section covers the list of capabilities offered by the CIM to workloads or service orchestrator.

Table 4-9 shows capabilities related to resources allocation.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
e.man.001	Virtual Compute allocation	Yes/No	Capability to allocate virtual compute resources to a workload
e.man.002	Virtual Storage allocation	Yes/No	Capability to allocate virtual storage resources to a workload
e.man.003	Virtual Networking resources allocation	Yes/No	Capability to allocate virtual networking resources to a workload
e.man.004	Multi-tenant isolation	Yes/No	Capability to isolate resources between tenants
e.man.005	Images management	Yes/No	Capability to manage workload software images
e.man.010	Compute Availability Zones	list of strings	The names of each Compute Availability Zone that was defined to separate failure domains
e.man.011	Storage Availability Zones	list of strings	The names of each Storage Availability Zone that was defined to separate failure domains

Table 4-9: Cloud Infrastructure Management Resource Allocation Capabilities

4.1.5. Cloud Infrastructure Management Performance Measurements

Table 4-10 shows performance measurement capabilities.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
e.man.006	Virtual resources inventory per tenant	Yes/No	Capability to provide information related to allocated virtualised resources per tenant
e.man.007	Resources Monitoring	Yes/No	Capability to notify state changes of allocated resources
e.man.008	Virtual resources Performance	Yes/No	Capability to collect and expose performance information on virtualised resources allocated
e.man.009	Virtual resources Fault information	Yes/No	Capability to collect and notify fault information on virtualised resources

Table 4-10: Cloud Infrastructure Management Performance Measurement Capabilities

4.1.5.1. Resources Management Measurements

Table 4-11 shows resource management measurements of CIM as aligned with ETSI GR NFV IFA-012 [15]. The intention of this table is to provide a list of measurements to be used in the Reference Architecture specifications, where the values allowed for these measurements in the context of a particular Reference Architecture will be defined.

Ref	Cloud Infrastructure Management Measurement	Unit	Definition/Notes
e.man-pm.001	Time to create Virtual Compute resources (VM/container) for a given workload	Max ms
e.man-pm.002	Time to delete Virtual Compute resources (VM/container) of a given workload	Max ms
e.man-pm.003	Time to start Virtual Compute resources (VM/container) of a given workload	Max ms
e.man-pm.004	Time to stop Virtual Compute resources (VM/container) of a given workload	Max ms
e.man-pm.005	Time to pause Virtual Compute resources (VM/container) of a given workload	Max ms
e.man-pm.006	Time to create internal virtual network	Max ms
e.man-pm.007	Time to delete internal virtual network	Max ms
e.man-pm.008	Time to update internal virtual network	Max ms
e.man-pm.009	Time to create external virtual network	Max ms
e.man-pm.010	Time to delete external virtual network	Max ms
e.man-pm.011	Time to update external virtual network	Max ms
e.man-pm.012	Time to create external storage ready for use by workload	Max ms

Table 4-11: Cloud Infrastructure Resource Management Measurements

4.1.6. Acceleration/Offload API Requirements

HW Accelerators and Offload functions with abstracted interfaces are preferred and can functionally be interchanged, but their characteristics might vary. It is also likely that the CNFs/VNFs and the Cloud Infrastructure will have certification requirements for the implementations. A SW implementation of these functions is also often needed to have the same abstracted interfaces for the deployment situations when there are no more HW Accelerator or Offload resources available.

For Accelerators and Offload functions with externally exposed differences in their capabilities or management functionality these differences must be clear through the management API either explicit for the differing functions or implicit through the use of a unique APIs.

Regardless of the exposed or internal capabilities and characteristics, the operators generally require a choice of implementations for Accelerators and Offload function realisation, and, thus, the need for ease of portability between implementations and vendors.

The following table of requirements are derived from the VNF/CNF applications, Cloud Infrastructure and Telco Operators needs to have multiple realisations of HW Acceleration and Offload functions that can also be implemented through SW when no special hardware is available. These requirements should be adopted in Reference Architectures to ensure that the different implementations on the market are as aligned as possible in their interfaces and that HW Acceleration and Offload functions get an efficient ecosystem of accelerators that compete on their technical merits and not through obscure or proprietary interfaces.

Table 4-12 shows Acceleration/Offload API Capabilities.

Ref	Acceleration/Offload API Capability	Unit	Definition/Notes
e.api.001	VNF/CNF usage of Accelerator standard i/f	Yes/No	VNF/CNF shall use abstracted standardised interfaces to the Acceleration/Offload functions. This would enable use of HW and SW implementations of the accelerated/offloaded functions from multiple vendors in the Cloud Infrastructure.
e.api.002	Virtualisation Infrastructure SW usage of Accelerator standard i/f	Yes/No	Virtualisation Infrastructure SW shall use abstracted standardised interfaces to the HW-Acceleration/Offload function enabling multiple HW and SW implementations in the HW Infrastructure Layer of the accelerated functions from multiple vendors.
e.api.003	Accelerators offering standard i/f to HW Infra Layer	Yes/No	Acceleration/Offload functions shall offer abstracted standardised interfaces for the Virtualisation Infrastructure and VNF/CNF applications.
e.api.004	Accelerators offering virtualised functions	Yes/No	Acceleration/Offload functions for VNFs/CNFs should be virtualised to allow multiple VNFs/CNFs to use the same Acceleration/Offload instance.
e.api.005	VNF/CNF Accelerator management functions access rights	Yes/No	VNF/CNF management functions shall be able to request Acceleration/Offload invocation without requiring elevated access rights.
e.api.006	Accelerators offering standard i/f to VNF/CNF management	Yes/No	VNF/CNF management functions should be able to request Acceleration/Offload invocation through abstracted standardised Management interfaces.
e.api.007	VNFs/CNFs and Virtualisation Infrastructure Accelerator portability	Yes/No	VNFs/CNFs and Virtualisation Infrastructure SW should be designed to handle multiple types of Accelerator or Offload Function realisations even when their differences are exposed to the infrastructure or applications layers.
e.api.008	VNFs/CNFs and Virtualisation Infrastructure Accelerator flexibility	Yes/No	VNFs/CNFs and Virtualisation Infrastructure SW shall be able to use any assigned instance and type of Accelerator or Offload Function that they are certified for.

Table 4-12: Acceleration/Offload API Capabilities

4.2. Profiles and Workload Flavours

Section 4.1 enumerates the different capabilities exposed by the infrastructure resources. Not every workload is sensitive to all listed capabilities of the cloud infrastructure. In Chapter 2, the analysis of the use cases led to the definition of two Profiles (top-level partitions) and the need for specialisation through Profile Extensions (specialisations). Profiles and Profile Extensions are used to configure the cloud infrastructure nodes. They are also used by workloads to specify the infrastructure capabilities needed by them to run on. Workloads would specify the flavours and additional capabilities information.

In this section we will specify the capabilities and features associated with each of the defined profiles and extensions. Each Profile (for example, :numref”Cloud infrastructure Profiles), and each Extension associated with that profile, specifies a predefined standard set of infrastructure capabilities that workload vendors can use to build their workloads for deployment on conformant cloud infrastructure. A workload can use several profiles and associated Extensions to build its overall functionality as discussed below.

Figure 4.2 Cloud infrastructure Profiles

The two Profiles, Profile Extensions & Flavours are:

Basic (B): for Workloads that can tolerate resource over-subscription and variable latency.
High Performance (H): for Workloads that require predictable computing performance, high network throughput and low
network latency.

The availability of these two (2) profiles will facilitate and accelerate workload deployment. The intent of the above profiles is to match the cloud infrastructure to the workloads most common needs, and allow for a more comprehensive configuration using profile-extensions when needed. These profiles are offered with extensions, that specify capability deviations, and allow for the specification of even more capabilities. The Cloud Infrastructure will have nodes configured as with options, such as virtual interface options, storage extensions, and acceleration extensions.

The justification for defining these two profiles and a set of extensible profile-extensions was provided in Section Profiles, Profile Extensions & Flavours and includes:

• Workloads can be deployed by requesting compute hosts configured as per a specific profile (Basic or High Performance)

• Profile extensions allow a more granular compute host configuration for the workload (e.g., GPU, high, speed network, Edge deployment)

• Cloud infrastructure “scattering” is minimised

• Workload development and testing optimisation by using pre-defined and commonly supported (telco operators) profiles and extensions

• Better usage of Cloud Objects (Memory; Processor; Network; Storage)

Workload flavours specify the resource sizing information including network and storage (size, throughput, IOPS). Figure 4.3 shows three resources (VM or Pod) on nodes configured as per the specified profile (‘B’ and ‘H’), and the resource sizes.

Figure 4.3 Workloads built against Cloud Infrastructure Profiles and Workload Flavours

A node configuration can be specified using the syntax:

<profile name>[.<profile_extension>][.<extra profile specs>]

where the specifications enclosed within “[” and “]” are optional, and the ‘extra profile specs’ are needed to capture special node configurations not accounted for by the profile and profile extensions.

Examples, node configurations specified as: B, B.low-latency, H, and H.very-high-speed-network.very-low-latency-edge.

A workload needs to specify the configuration and capabilities of the infrastructure that it can run on, the size of the resources it needs, and additional information (extra-specs) such as whether the workload can share core siblings (SMT thread) or not, whether it has affinity (viz., needs to be placed on the same infrastructure node) with other workloads, etc. The capabilities required by the workload can, thus, be specified as:

<profile name>[.<profile_extension>][.<extra profile specs>].<workload flavour specs>[.<extra-specs>]

where the <workload flavour specs> are specified as defined in section 4.2.4.3 Workload Flavours and Other Capabilities Specifications Format below.

4.2.1. Profiles

4.2.1.1. Basic Profile

Hardware resources configured as per the Basic profile (B) such that they are only suited for workloads that tolerate variable performance, including latency, and resource over-subscription. Only Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) is configured on nodes supporting the Basic profile. With no NUMA alignment, the vCPUs executing processes may not be on the same NUMA node as the memory used by these processes. When the vCPU and memory are on different NUMA nodes, memory accesses are not local to the vCPU node and thus add latency to memory accesses. The Basic profile supports over subscription (using CPU Allocation Ratio) which is specified as part of sizing information in the workload profiles.

4.2.1.2. High Performance Profile

The high-performance profile (H) is intended to be used for workloads that require predictable performance, high network throughput requirements and/or low network latency. To satisfy predictable performance needs, NUMA alignment, CPU pinning, and huge pages are enabled. For obvious reasons, the high-performance profile doesn’t support over-subscription.

4.2.2. Profiles Specifications & Capability Mapping

Ref	Capability	Basic	High Performance	Notes
e.cap.006	CPU pinning	No	Yes	Exposed performance capabilities as per Table 4-2.
e.cap.007	NUMA alignment	No	Yes
e.cap.013	SR-IOV over PCI-PT	No	Yes
e.cap.018	Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT)	Yes	Optional
e.cap.019	vSwitch Optimisation (DPDK)	No	Yes	DPDK doesn’t have to be used if some other network acceleration method is being utilised.
e.cap.020	CPU Architecture	<value>	<value>	Values such as x64, ARM, etc.
e.cap.021	Host Operating System (OS)	<value>	<value>	Values such as a specific Linux version, Windows version, etc.
e.cap.022	Virtualisation Infrastructure Layer1	<value>	<value>	Values such as KVM, Hyper-V, Kubernetes, etc. when relevant, depending on technology.
e.cap.023	Huge page support per Table 4-7.	No	Yes	Internal performance capabilities as
i.cap.019	CPU Clock Speed	<value>	<value>	Specifies the Cloud Infrastructure CPU Clock Speed (in GHz).
i.cap.020	Storage encryption	Yes	Yes	Specifies whether the Cloud Infrastructure supports storage encryption.

1 See Figure 5.1.

4.2.3. Profile Extensions

Profile Extensions represent small deviations from or further qualification of the profiles that do not require partitioning the infrastructure into separate pools, but that have specifications with a finer granularity of the profile. Profile Extensions provide workloads a more granular control over what infrastructure they can run on.

Profile Extension Name	Mnemonic	Applicable to Basic Profile	Applicable to High Performance Profile	Description	Notes
Compute Intensive High-performance CPU	compute-high-perf-cpu	❌	✅	Nodes that have predictable computing performance and higher clock speeds.	May use vanilla VIM/K8S scheduling instead.
Storage Intensive High-performance storage	storage-high-perf	❌	✅	Nodes that have low storage latency and/or high storage IOPS.
Compute Intensive High memory	compute-high-memory	❌	✅	Nodes that have high amounts of RAM.	May use vanilla VIM/K8S scheduling instead.
Compute Intensive GPU	compute-gpu	❌	✅	For Compute Intensive workloads that requires GPU compute resource on the node	May use Node Feature Discovery.
Network Intensive	high-speed-network	❌	✅	Nodes configured to support SR-IOV.
Network Intensive High speed network (25G)	high-speed-network	❌	✅	Denotes the presence of network links (to the DC network) of speed of 25 Gbps or greater on the node.
Network Intensive Very High speed network (100G)	very-high-speed-network	❌	✅	Denotes the presence of network links (to the DC network) of speed of 100 Gbps or greater on the node.
Low Latency - Edge Sites	low-latency-edge	✅	✅	Labels a host/node as located in an Edge site, for workloads requiring low latency (specify value) to final users or geographical distribution.
Very Low Latency - Edge Sites	very-low-latency-edge	✅	✅	Labels a host/node as located in an Edge site, for workloads requiring low latency (specify value) to final users or geographical distribution.
Ultra Low Latency - Edge Sites	ultra-low-latency-edge	✅	✅	Labels a host/node as located in an Edge site, for workloads requiring low latency (specify value) to final users or geographical distribution.
Fixed function accelerator	compute-ffa	❌	✅	Labels a host/node that includes a consumable fixed function accelerator (non-programmable, e.g., Crypto, vRAN-specific adapter).
Firmware-programm able adapter	compute-firmware progra mmable	❌	✅	Labels a host/node that includes a consumable Firmware-programmable adapter (e.g., Network/storage adapter).
SmartNIC enabled	network-smartnic	❌	✅	Labels a host/node that includes a Programmable
SmartSwitch enabled	network-smartswitch	❌	✅	Labels a host/node that is connected to a Programmable Switch Fabric or TOR switch.

4.2.4. Workload Flavours and Other Capabilities Specifications

The workload requests a set of resource capabilities needed by it, including its components, to run successfully. The GSMA document OPG.02 “Operator Platform Technical Requirements” [34] defines “Resource Flavour” as this set of capabilities. A Resource Flavour specifies the resource profile, any profile extensions, and the size of the resources needed (workload flavour), and extra specifications for workload placement; as defined in Section 4.2 Profiles and Workload Flavours above.

This section provides details of the capabilities that need to be provided in a resource request. The profiles, the profile specifications and the profile extensions specify the infrastructure (hardware and software) configuration. In a resource request they need to be augmented with workload specific capabilities and configurations, including the sizing of requested resource, extra specifications including those related to the placement of the workload section 4.2.4.2, virtual network section 4.2.5 and storage extensions section 4.2.6.

4.2.4.1. Workload Flavours Geometry (Sizing)

Workload Flavours (sometimes also referred to as “compute flavours”) are sizing specifications beyond the capabilities specified by node profiles. Workload flavours represent the compute, memory, storage, and network resource sizing templates used in requesting resources on a host that is conformant with the profiles and profile extensions. The workload flavour specifies the requested resource’s (VM, container) compute, memory and storage characteristics. Workload Flavours can also specify different storage resources such as ephemeral storage, swap disk, network speed, and storage IOPs.

Workload Flavour sizing consists of the following:

Element	Mnemonic	Description
cpu	c	Number of virtual compute resources (vCPUs).
memory	r	Virtual resource instance memory in megabytes.
storage - ephemeral	e	Specifies the size of an ephemeral/local data disk that exists only for the life of the instance. Default value is 0. The ephemeral disk may be partitioned into boot (base image) and swap space disks.
storage - persistent	d	Specifies the disk size of persistent storage.

Table 4-12: Workload Flavour Geometry Specification.

The flavours syntax consists of specifying using the <element, value> pairs separated by a colon (“:”). For example, the flavour specification: {cpu: 4; memory: 8 Gi; storage-permanent: 80Gi}.

4.2.4.2. Workloads Extra Capabilities Specifications

In addition to the sizing information, a workload may need to specify additional capabilities. These include capabilities for workload placement such as latency, workload affinity and non-affinity. It also includes capabilities such as workload placement on multiple NUMA nodes. The extra specifications also include the Virtual Network Interface Specifications and Storage Extensions.

Attribute	Description
CPU Allocation Ratio	Specifies the maximum CPU allocation (a.k.a. oversubscription) ratio supported by a workload.
Compute Intensive	For very demanding workloads with stringent memory access requirements, where the single NUMA bandwidth maybe a limitation. The Compute Intensive workload profile is used so that the workload can be spread across all NUMA nodes.
Latency	Specifies latency requirements used for locating workloads.
Affinity	Specifies workloads that should be hosted on the same computer node.
Non-Affinity	Specifies workloads that should not be hosted on the same computer node.
Dedicated cores	Specifies whether or not the workload can share sibling threads with other workloads. Default is No such that it allows different workloads on different threads.
Network Interface Option	See Section 4.2.5.
Storage Extension	See Section 4.2.6.

4.2.4.3. Workload Flavours and Other Capabilities Specifications Format

The complete list of specifications needed to be specified by workloads is shown in the Table 4-13 below.

Profile Extension Name	Mnemonic	Applicable to Basic Profile	Applicable to High Performance Profile	Description	Notes
CPU	c	✅	✅	Number of virtual compute resources (vCPUs).	Required
memory	r	✅	✅	Virtual resource instance memory in megabytes.	Required
storage - ephemeral	e	✅	✅	Specifies the size of an ephemeral/local data disk that exists only for the life of the instance. Default value is 0. The ephemeral disk may be partitioned into boot (base image) and swap space disks.	Optional
storage - persistent	d	✅	✅	Specifies the disk size of persistent storage.	Required
storage - root disk	b	✅	✅	Specifies the disk size of the root disk.	Optional
CPU Allocation Ratio	o	✅	❌	Specifies the CPU allocation (a.k.a. oversubscription) ratio. Can only be specified for Basic Profile. For workloads that utilise nodes configured as per High Performance Profile, the CPU Allocation Ratio is 1:1.	Required for Basic profile
Compute Intensive	ci	❌	✅	For very demanding workloads with stringent memory access requirements, where the single NUMA bandwidth maybe a bandwidth. The Compute Intensive workload profile is used so that the workload can be spread across all NUMA nodes.	Optional
Latency	l	✅	✅	Specifies latency requirements used for locating workloads.	Optional
Affinity	af	✅	✅	Specifies workloads that should be hosted on the same computer node.	Optional
Non-Affinity	naf	✅	✅	Specifies workloads that should not be hosted on the same computer node.	Optional
Dedicate cores	dc	❌	✅	Specifies whether or not the workload can share sibling threads with other workloads. Default is No such that it allows different workloads on different threads.	Optional
Network Interface Option	n	✅	✅	See below.	Optional
Storage Extension	s	✅	✅	See below.	Optional
Profile Name	pn	✅	✅	Specifies the profile “B” or “H”.	Required
Profile Extension	pe	❌	✅	Specifies the profile extensions.	Optional
Profile Extra Specs	pes	❌	✅	Specifies special node configurations not accounted for by the profile and profile extensions.	Optional

Table 4-13: Resource Flavours (complete list of Workload Capabilities) Specifications

4.2.5. Virtual Network Interface Specifications

The virtual network interface specifications extend a Flavour customisation with network interface(s), with an associated bandwidth, and are identified by the literal, “n”, followed by the interface bandwidth (in Gbps). Multiple network interfaces can be specified by repeating the “n” option.

Virtual interfaces may be of an Access type, and thereby untagged, or may be of a Trunk type, with one or more 802.1Q tagged logical interfaces. Note, tagged interfaces are encapsulated by the Overlay, such that tenant isolation (i.e., security) is maintained, irrespective of the tag value(s) applied by the workload.

Note, the number of virtual network interfaces, aka vNICs, associated with a virtual compute instance, is directly related to the number of vNIC extensions declared for the environment. The vNIC extension is not part of the base Flavour.

<network interface bandwidth option> :: <”n”><number (bandwidth in Gbps)>

Virtual Network Interface Option	Interface Bandwidth
n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Gbps
n10, n20, n30, n40, n50, n60	10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Gbps
n25, n50, n75, n100, n125, n150	25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 Gbps
n50, n100, n150, n200, n250, n300	50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 Gbps
n100, n200, n300, n400, n500, n600	100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 Gbps

Table 4-14: Virtual Network Interface Specification Examples

4.2.6. Storage Extensions

Persistent storage is associated with workloads via Storage Extensions. The storage qualities specified by the Storage Extension pertain to “Platform Native - Hypervisor Attached” and “Platform Native - Container Persistent” storage types (as defined in section “3.6.3 Storage for Tenant Consumption”). The size of an extension can be specified explicitly in increments of 100GB (Table 4-15), ranging from a minimum of 100GB to a maximum of 16TB. Extensions are configured with the required performance category, as per Table 4-15. Multiple persistent Storage Extensions can be attached to virtual compute instances.

Note: This specification uses GB and GiB to refer to a Gibibyte (2^30 bytes), except where explicitly stated otherwise.

.conf	Read IO/s	Write IO/s	Read Throughput (MB/s)	Write Throughput (MB/s)	Max Ext Size
.bronze	Up to 3K	Up to 1.5K	Up to 180	Up to 120	16TB
.silver	Up to 60K	Up to 30K	Up to 1200	Up to 400	1TB
.gold	Up to 680K	Up to 360K	Up to 2650	Up to 1400	1TB

Table 4-15: Storage Extensions

Note: Performance is based on a block size of 256KB or larger.