2. Architecture Requirements

This chapter includes both “Requirements” that must be satisfied in an RA-1 conformant implementation and “Recommendations” that are optional for implementation.

2.1. Reference Model Requirements

The tables below contain the requirements from the Reference Model [1] to cover the Basic and High-Performance profiles.

To ensure alignment with the infrastructure profile catalogue, the following requirements are referenced through:

• Those relating to Cloud Infrastructure Software Profiles

• Those relating to Cloud Infrastructure Hardware Profiles

• Those relating to Cloud Infrastructure Management

• Those relating to Cloud Infrastructure Security

2.1.1. Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Requirements for Compute

Table 2.1 Reference Model Requirements: Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Capabilities

Reference	Description	Requirement for Basic Profile	Requirement for High-Performance Profile	Specification Reference
e.cap.001	Max number of vCPU that can be assigned to a single instance by the Cloud Infrastructure	At least 16	At least 16	Compute Nodes
e.cap.002	Max memory that can be assigned to a single instance by the Cloud Infrastructure	at least 32 GB	at least 32 GB	Virtual Storage
e.cap.003	Max storage that can be assigned to a single instance by the Cloud Infrastructure	at least 320 GB	at least 320 GB	Virtual Storage and Storage Backend
e.cap.004	Max number of connection points that can be assigned to a single instance by the Cloud Infrastructure	6	6	Not Detailed
e.cap.005	Max storage that can be attached / mounted to an instance by the Cloud Infrastructure	Up to 16TB [*]	Up to 16TB [*]	Storage Backend
e.cap.006 / infra.com.cfg.003	CPU pinning support	Not required	Must support	Consumable Infrastructure Resources and Services
e.cap.007 / infra.com.cfg.002	NUMA support	Not required	Must support	Consumable Infrastructure Resources and Services
e.cap.018 / infra.com.cfg.005	Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) enabled	Must	Optional support	Consumable Infrastructure Resources and Services
i.cap.018 / infra.com.cfg.004	Huge pages configured	Not required	Must support	Consumable Infrastructure Resources and Services

[*] Defined in the .bronze configuration in “Storage extensions” in [1].

2.1.2. Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Extensions Requirements for Compute

Table 2.2 Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Extensions Requirements for Compute

Reference	Description	Profile Extensions	Profile Extra-Specs	Specification Reference
e.cap.008 / infra.com.acc.cfg.001	IPSec Acceleration using the virtio-ipsec interface	Compute Intensive GPU		Acceleration
e.cap.010 / infra.com.acc.cfg.002	Transcoding Acceleration	Compute Intensive GPU	Video Transcoding	Acceleration
e.cap.011 / infra.com.acc.cfg.003	Programmable Acceleration	Firmware-programmable adapter	Accelerator	Acceleration
e.cap.012	Enhanced Cache Management: L=Lean; E=Equal; X=eXpanded	E	E	Not detailed
e.cap.014 / infra.com.acc.cfg.004	Hardware coprocessor support (GPU/NPU)	Compute Intensive GPU		Acceleration
e.cap.016 / infra.com.acc.cfg.005	FPGA/other Acceleration H/W	Firmware-programmable adapter		Acceleration

2.1.3. Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Requirements for Networking

The features and configuration requirements related to virtual networking for the two (2) types of Cloud Infrastructure Profiles are specified below followed by networking bandwidth requirements.

Table 2.3 Reference Model Requirements - Virtual Networking

Reference	Description	Requirement for Basic Profile	Requirement for High-Performance Profile	Specification Reference
infra.net.cfg.001	IO virtualisation using virtio1.1	Must support	Must support	Virtualisation layer
infra.net.cfg.002	The overlay network encapsulation protocol needs to enable ECMP in the underlay to take advantage of the scale-out features of the network fabric	Must support VXLAN, MPLSoUDP, GENEVE, other	No requirement specified	Network Fabric
infra.net.cfg.003	Network Address Translation	Must support	Must support	Network Fabric
infra.net.cfg.004	Security Groups	Must support	Must support	Workload Security
infra.net.cfg.005	SFC support	Not required	Must support	Virtual Networking - 3rd party SDN solution
infra.net.cfg.006	Traffic patterns symmetry	Must support	Must support	Not detailed

The required number of connection points to an instance is described in e.cap.004 above. The table below specifies the required bandwidth of those connection points.

Table 2.4 Reference Model Requirements - Network Interface Specifications

Reference	Description	Requirement for Basic Profile	Requirement for High Performance Profile	Specification Reference
n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Gbps	Must support	Must support	Not detailed
n10, n20, n30, n40, n50, n60	10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Gbps	Must support	Must support	Not detailed
n25, n50, n75, n100, n125, n150	25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 Gbps	Optional	Must support	Not detailed
n50, n100, n150, n200, n250, n300	50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 Gbps	Optional	Must support	Not detailed
n100, n200, n300, n400, n500, n600	100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 Gbps	Optional	Must support	Not detailed

2.1.4. Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Extensions Requirements for Networking

Table 2.5 Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Extensions Requirements for Networking

Reference	Description	Requirement for Basic Profile	Requirement for High-Performance Profile	Specification Reference
e.cap.013 / infra.hw.nac.cfg.004	SR-IOV over PCI-PT	N	Y	Compute Nodes
e.cap.019 / infra.net.acc.cfg.001	vSwitch optimisation (DPDK)	N	Y	Compute Nodes and Network quality of service
e.cap.015 / infra.net.acc.cfg.002	SmartNIC (for HW Offload)	N	Optional	Acceleration
e.cap.009 / infra.net.acc.cfg.003	Crypto acceleration	N	Optional	Not detailed
infra.net.acc.cfg.004	Crypto Acceleration Interface	N	Optional	Not detailed

2.1.5. Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Requirements for Storage

Table 2.6 Reference Model Requirements - Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Requirements for Storage

Reference	Description	Requirement for Basic Profile	Requirement for High-Performance Profile	Specification Reference
infra.stg.cfg.002	Storage Block	Must support	Must support	Storage and Cinder
infra.stg.cfg.003	Storage with replication	Not required	Must support	Storage and Transaction Volume Considerations
infra.stg.cfg.004	Storage with encryption	Must support	Must support	Storage
infra.stg.acc.cfg.001	Storage IOPS oriented	Not required	Must support	Storage
infra.stg.acc.cfg.002	Storage capacity oriented	Not required	Not required	Storage

2.1.6. Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Extensions Requirements for Storage

Table 2.7 Reference Model Requirements - Cloud Infrastructure Software Profile Extensions Requirements for Storage

Reference	Description	Profile Extensions	Profile Extra-Specs	Specification Reference
infra.stg.acc.cfg.001	Storage IOPS oriented	Storage Intensive High-performance storage		Not detailed
infra.stg.acc.cfg.002	Storage capacity oriented	High Capacity		Not detailed

2.1.7. Cloud Infrastructure Hardware Profile Requirements

Table 2.8 Reference Model Requirements - Cloud Infrastructure Hardware Profile Requirements

Reference	Description	Requirement for Basic Profile	Requirement for High-Performance Profile	Specification Reference
infra.hw.001	CPU Architecture (Values such as x64, ARM, etc.)
infra.hw.cpu.cfg.001	Minimum number of CPU (Sockets)	2	2	Compute
infra.hw.cpu.cfg.002	Minimum number of Cores per CPU	20	20	Compute
infra.hw.cpu.cfg.003	NUMA	Not required	Must support	Compute
infra.hw.cpu.cfg.004	Simultaneous Multithreading/Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMT/SMP)	Must support	Optional	Compute
infra.hw.stg.hdd.cfg.001	Local Storage HDD	No requirement specified	No requirement specified	Consumable Infrastructure Resources and Services
infra.hw.stg.ssd.cfg.002	Local Storage SSD	Should support	Should support	Consumable Infrastructure Resources and Services
infra.hw.nic.cfg.001	Total Number of NIC Ports available in the host	4	4	Compute
infra.hw.nic.cfg.002	Port speed specified in Gbps (minimum values)	10	25	Consumable Infrastructure Resources and Services
infra.hw.pci.cfg.001	Number of PCIe slots available in the host	8	8	Not detailed
infra.hw.pci.cfg.002	PCIe speed	Gen 3	Gen 3	Not detailed
infra.hw.pci.cfg.003	PCIe Lanes	8	8	Not detailed
infra.hw.nac.cfg.003	Compression	No requirement specified	No requirement specified	Not detailed

2.1.7.1. Cloud Infrastructure Hardware Profile-Extensions Requirements

Table 2.9 Reference Model Requirements - Cloud Infrastructure Hardware Profile Extensions Requirements

Reference	Description	Requirement for Basic Profile	Requirement for High-Performance Profile	Specification Reference
e.cap.014 / infra.hw.cac.cfg.001	GPU	N	Optional	Acceleration
e.cap.016 / infra.hw.cac.cfg.002	FPGA/other Acceleration H/W	N	Optional	Acceleration
e.cap.009 / infra.hw.nac.cfg.001	Crypto Acceleration	N	Optional	Acceleration
e.cap.015 / infra.hw.nac.cfg.002	SmartNIC	N	Optional	Acceleration
infra.hw.nac.cfg.003	Compression	Optional	Optional	Acceleration
e.cap.013 / infra.hw.nac.cfg.004	SR-IOV over PCI-PT	N	Yes	Compute node configurations for Profiles and OpenStack Flavors

2.1.8. Cloud Infrastructure Management Requirements

Table 2.10 Reference Model Requirements - Cloud Infrastructure Management Requirements

Reference	Description	Requirement (common to all Profiles)	Specification Reference
e.man.001	Capability to allocate virtual compute resources to a workload	Must support	Resources and Services exposed to VNFs
e.man.002	Capability to allocate virtual storage resources to a workload	Must support	Resources and Services exposed to VNFs
e.man.003	Capability to allocate virtual networking resources to a workload	Must support	Resources and Services exposed to VNFs
e.man.004	Capability to isolate resources between tenants	Must support	Tenant Isolation
e.man.005	Capability to manage workload software images	Must support	Glance
e.man.006	Capability to provide information related to allocated virtualised resources per tenant	Must support	Logging, Monitoring and Analytics
e.man.007	Capability to notify state changes of allocated resources	Must support	Logging, Monitoring and Analytics
e.man.008	Capability to collect and expose performance information on virtualised resources allocated	Must support	Logging, Monitoring and Analytics
e.man.009	Capability to collect and notify fault information on virtualised resources	Must support	Logging, Monitoring and Analytics

2.1.9. Cloud Infrastructure Security Requirements

2.1.9.1. System Hardening Requirements

Table 2.11 Reference Model Requirements - System Hardening Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.gen.001	Hardening	The Platform must maintain the specified configuration	Security LCM and Cloud Infrastructure provisioning and configuration management
sec.gen.002	Hardening	All systems part of Cloud Infrastructure must support hardening as defined in CIS Password Policy Guide [8]	Password policy
sec.gen.003	Hardening	All servers part of Cloud Infrastructure must support a root of trust and secure boot	Server boot hardening
sec.gen.004	Hardening	The Operating Systems of all the servers part of Cloud Infrastructure must be hardened by removing or disabling unnecessary services, applications and network protocols, configuring operating system user authentication, configuring resource controls, installing and configuring additional security controls where needed, and testing the security of the Operating System (NIST SP 800-123)	Function and Software
sec.gen.005	Hardening	The Platform must support Operating System level access control	System Access
sec.gen.006	Hardening	The Platform must support Secure logging. Logging with root account must be prohibited when root privileges are not required	System Access
sec.gen.007	Hardening	All servers part of Cloud Infrastructure must be Time synchronised with authenticated Time service	Security Logs Time Synchronisation
sec.gen.008	Hardening	All servers part of Cloud Infrastructure must be regularly updated to address security vulnerabilities	Security LCM
sec.gen.009	Hardening	The Platform must support software integrity protection and verification	Integrity of OpenStack components configuration
sec.gen.010	Hardening	The Cloud Infrastructure must support encrypted storage, for example, block, object and file storage, with access to encryption keys restricted based on a need to know (Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know [9])	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.gen.012	Hardening	The Operator must ensure that only authorised actors have physical access to the underlying infrastructure	This requirement’s verification must be part of the organisation’s security process
sec.gen.013	Hardening	The Platform must ensure that only authorised actors have logical access to the underlying infrastructure	System Access
sec.gen.015	Hardening	Any change to the Platform must be logged as a security event, and the logged event must include the identity of the entity making the change, the change, the date and the time of the change	Security LCM

2.1.9.2. Platform and Access Requirements

Table 2.12 Reference Model Requirements - Platform and Access Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.sys.001	Access	The Platform must support authenticated and secure access to API, GUI and command line interfaces	RBAC
sec.sys.002	Access	The Platform must support Traffic Filtering for workloads (for example, Firewall)	Workload Security
sec.sys.003	Access	The Platform must support Secure and encrypted communications, and confidentiality and integrity of network	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.sys.004	Access	The Cloud Infrastructure must support authentication, integrity and confidentiality on all network channels	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.sys.005	Access	The Cloud Infrastructure must segregate the underlay and overlay networks	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.sys.006	Access	The Cloud Infrastructure must be able to utilise the Cloud Infrastructure Manager identity lifecycle management capabilities	Identity Security
sec.sys.007	Access	The Platform must implement controls enforcing separation of duties and privileges, least privilege use and least common mechanism (Role-Based Access Control)	RBAC
sec.sys.008	Access	The Platform must be able to assign the Entities that comprise the tenant networks to different trust domains. Communication between different trust domains is not allowed, by default	Workload Security
sec.sys.009	Access	The Platform must support creation of Trust Relationships between trust domains. These maybe uni-directional relationships where the trusting domain trusts another domain (the “trusted domain”) to authenticate users for them them or to allow access to its resources from the trusted domain. In a bidirectional relationship both domain are “trusting” and “trusted”	Logical segregation and high availability
sec.sys.010	Access	For two or more domains without existing trust relationships, the Platform must not allow the effect of an attack on one domain to impact the other domains either directly or indirectly	Logical segregation and high availability
sec.sys.011	Access	The Platform must not reuse the same authentication credentials (e.g., key pairs) on different Platform components (e.g., different hosts, or different services)	System Access
sec.sys.012	Access	The Platform must protect all secrets by using strong encryption techniques and storing the protected secrets externally from the component (e.g., in OpenStack Barbican)	Barbican
sec.sys.013	Access	The Platform must generate secrets dynamically as and when needed	Barbican
sec.sys.015	Access	The Platform must not contain back door entries (unpublished access points, APIs, etc.)	Not detailed
sec.sys.016	Access	Login access to the Platform’s components must be through encrypted protocols such as SSH v2 or TLS v1.2 or higher. Note: Hardened jump servers isolated from external networks are recommended	Security LCM
sec.sys.017	Access	The Platform must provide the capability of using digital certificates that comply with X.509 standards issued by a trusted Certification Authority	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.sys.018	Access	The Platform must provide the capability of allowing certificate renewal and revocation	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.sys.019	Access	The Platform must provide the capability of testing the validity of a digital certificate (CA signature, validity period, non revocation identity)	Confidentiality and Integrity

2.1.9.3. Confidentiality and Integrity Requirements

Table 2.13 Reference Model Requirements - Confidentiality and Integrity Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.ci.001	Confidentiality / Integrity	The Platform must support Confidentiality and Integrity of data at rest and in transit	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.ci.003	Confidentiality / Integrity	The Platform must support Confidentiality and Integrity of data related metadata	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.ci.004	Confidentiality	The Platform must support Confidentiality of processes and restrict information sharing with only the process owner (e.g., tenant)	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.ci.005	Confidentiality / Integrity	The Platform must support Confidentiality and Integrity of process- related metadata and restrict information sharing with only the process owner (e.g., tenant)	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.ci.006	Confidentiality / Integrity	The Platform must support Confidentiality and Integrity of workload resource utilisation (RAM, CPU, Storage, Network I/O, cache, hardware offload) and restrict information sharing with only the workload owner (e.g., tenant)	Platform Access
sec.ci.007	Confidentiality / Integrity	The Platform must not allow Memory Inspection by any actor other than the authorised actors for the Entity to which Memory is assigned (e.g., tenants owning the workload), for Lawful Inspection, and for secure monitoring services. Administrative access must be managed using Platform Identity Lifecycle Management	Platform Access
sec.ci.008	Confidentiality	The Cloud Infrastructure must support tenant networks segregation	Workload Security

2.1.9.4. Workload Security Requirements

Table 2.14 Reference Model Requirements - Workload Security Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.wl.001	Workload	The Platform must support Workload placement policy	Workload Security
sec.wl.002	Workload	The Cloud Infrastructure must provide methods to ensure the platform’s trust status and integrity (e.g., remote attestation, Trusted Platform Module)	Cloud Infrastructure and VIM Security
sec.wl.003	Workload	The Platform must support secure provisioning of Workloads	Workload Security
sec.wl.004	Workload	The Platform must support Location assertion (for mandated in- country or location requirements)	Workload Security
sec.wl.005	Workload	The Platform must support the separation of production and non- production Workloads	Workload Security
sec.wl.006	Workload	The Platform must support the separation of Workloads based on their categorisation (for example, payment card information, healthcare, etc.)	Workload Security
sec.wl.007	Workload	The Operator must implement processes and tools to verify NF authenticity and integrity	Image Security

2.1.9.5. Image Security Requirements

Table 2.15 Reference Model Requirements - Image Security Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.img.001	Image	Images from untrusted sources must not be used	Image Security
sec.img.002	Image	Images must be scanned to be maintained free from known vulnerabilities	Image Security
sec.img.003	Image	Images must not be configured to run with privileges higher than the privileges of the actor authorised to run them	Image Security
sec.img.004	Image	Images must only be accessible to authorised actors	Integrity of OpenStack components configuration
sec.img.005	Image	Image Registries must only be accessible to authorised actors	Integrity of OpenStack components configuration
sec.img.006	Image	Image Registries must only be accessible over networks that enforce authentication, integrity and confidentiality	Integrity of OpenStack components configuration
sec.img.007	Image	Image registries must be clear of vulnerable and out of date versions	Image Security
sec.img.008	Image	Images must not include any secrets. Secrets include passwords, cloud provider credentials, SSH keys, TLS certificate keys, etc.	Image Security

2.1.9.6. Security LCM Requirements

Table 2.16 Reference Model Requirements - Security LCM Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.lcm.001	LCM	The Platform must support Secure Provisioning, Availability, and Deprovisioning (Secure Clean-Up) of workload resources where Secure Clean-Up includes tear-down, defense against virus or other attacks	Monitoring and Security Audit
sec.lcm.002	LCM	The Cloud Operator must use management protocols limiting security risk such as SNMPv3, SSH v2, ICMP, NTP, syslog and TLS v1.2 or higher	Security LCM
sec.lcm.003	LCM	The Cloud Operator must implement and strictly follow change management processes for Cloud Infrastructure, Infrastructure Manager and other components of the cloud, and Platform change control on hardware	Monitoring and Security Audit
sec.lcm.005	LCM	Platform must provide logs and these logs must be monitored for anomalous behaviour	Monitoring and Security Audit
sec.lcm.006	LCM	The Platform must verify the integrity of all Resource management requests	Confidentiality and Integrity of tenant data (sec.ci.001)
sec.lcm.007	LCM	The Platform must be able to update newly instantiated, suspended, hibernated, migrated and restarted images with current time information	Not detailed
sec.lcm.008	LCM	The Platform must be able to update newly instantiated, suspended, hibernated, migrated and restarted images with relevant DNS information	Not detailed
sec.lcm.009	LCM	The Platform must be able to update the tag of newly instantiated, suspended, hibernated, migrated and restarted images with relevant geolocation (geographical) information	Not detailed
sec.lcm.010	LCM	The Platform must log all changes to geolocation along with the mechanisms and sources of location information (i.e. GPS, IP block, and timing)	Not detailed
sec.lcm.011	LCM	The Platform must implement Security life cycle management processes including the proactive update and patching of all deployed Cloud Infrastructure software	Patches
sec.lcm.012	LCM	The Platform must log any access privilege escalation	What to Log / What NOT to Log

2.1.9.7. Monitoring and Security Audit Requirements

The Platform is assumed to provide configurable alerting and notification capability and the operator is assumed to have automated systems, policies and procedures to act on alerts and notifications in a timely fashion. In the following the monitoring and logging capabilities can trigger alerts and notifications for appropriate action.

Table 2.17 Reference Model Requirements - Monitoring and Security Audit Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.mon.001	Monitoring / Audit	Platform must provide logs and these logs must be regularly monitored for events of interest. The logs must contain the following fields: event type, date/time, protocol, service or program used for access, success/failure, login ID or process ID, IP address and ports (source and destination) involved	Required Fields
sec.mon.002	Monitoring	Security logs must be time synchronised	Security Logs Time Synchronisation
sec.mon.003	Monitoring	The Platform must log all changes to time server source, time, date and time zones	Security Logs Time Synchronisation
sec.mon.004	Audit	The Platform must secure and protect Audit logs (containing sensitive information) both in-transit and at rest	Security LCM
sec.mon.005	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit various behaviours of connection and login attempts to detect access attacks and potential access attempts and take corrective accordingly actions	What to Log / What NOT to Log
sec.mon.006	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit operations by authorised account access after login to detect malicious operational activity and take corrective actions	Monitoring and Security Audit
sec.mon.007	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit security parameter configurations for compliance with defined security policies	Integrity of OpenStack components configuration
sec.mon.008	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit externally exposed interfaces for illegal access (attacks) and take corrective security hardening measures	Confidentiality and Integrity of communications (sec.ci.001)
sec.mon.009	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit service for various attacks (malformed messages, signalling flooding and replaying, etc.) and take corrective actions accordingly	Monitoring and Security Audit
sec.mon.010	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit running processes to detect unexpected or unauthorised processes and take corrective actions accordingly	Monitoring and Security Audit
sec.mon.011	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit logs from infrastructure elements and workloads to detected anomalies in the system components and take corrective actions accordingly	Creating Logs
sec.mon.012	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform must Monitor and Audit Traffic patterns and volumes to prevent malware download attempts	Confidentiality and Integrity
sec.mon.013	Monitoring	The monitoring system must not affect the security (integrity and confidentiality) of the infrastructure, workloads, or the user data (through back door entries)	Not detailed
sec.mon.015	Monitoring	The Platform must ensure that the Monitoring systems are never starved of resources and must activate alarms when resource utilisation exceeds a configurable threshold	Monitoring and Security Audit
sec.mon.017	Audit	The Platform must audit systems for any missing security patches and take appropriate actions	Patches
sec.mon.018	Monitoring	The Platform, starting from initialisation, must collect and analyse logs to identify security events, and store these events in an external system	Where to Log
sec.mon.019	Monitoring	The Platform’s components must not include an authentication credential, e.g., password, in any logs, even if encrypted	What to Log / What NOT to Log
sec.mon.020	Monitoring / Audit	The Platform’s logging system must support the storage of security audit logs for a configurable period of time	Data Retention
sec.mon.021	Monitoring	The Platform must store security events locally if the external logging system is unavailable and shall periodically attempt to send these to the external logging system until successful	Where to Log

2.1.9.8. Open-Source Software Security Requirements

Table 2.18 Reference Model Requirements - Open-Source Software Security Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.oss.001	Software	Open-source code must be inspected by tools with various capabilities for static and dynamic code analysis	Image Security
sec.oss.002	Software	The CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) must be used to identify vulnerabilities and their severity rating for open-source code part of Cloud Infrastructure and workloads software	Patches
sec.oss.003	Software	Critical and high severity rated vulnerabilities must be fixed in a timely manner. Refer to the CVSS (Common Vulnerability Scoring System) to know a vulnerability score and its associated rate (low, medium, high, or critical)	Patches
sec.oss.004	Software	A dedicated internal isolated repository separated from the production environment must be used to store vetted open-source content	Workload Security

2.1.9.9. IaaC security Requirements

Secure Code Stage Requirements

Table 2.19 Reference Model Requirements: IaaC Security Requirements, Secure Code Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.code.001	IaaC	SAST -Static Application Security Testing must be applied during Secure Coding stage triggered by Pull, Clone or Comment trigger. Security testing that analyses application source code for software vulnerabilities and gaps against bestpractices. Example: open source OWASP range of tools	Workload Security

Continuous Build, Integration and Testing Stage Requirements

Table 2.20 Reference Model Requirements - IaaC Security Requirements, Continuous Build, Integration and Testing Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.bld.003	IaaC	Image Scan must be applied during the Continuous Build, Integration and Testing stage triggered by Package trigger, example: A push of a container image to a containerregistry may trigger a vulnerability scan before the image becomes available in the registry	Image Security

Continuous Delivery and Deployment Stage Requirements

Table 2.21 Reference Model Requirements - IaaC Security Requirements, Continuous Delivery and Deployment Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.del.001	IaaC	Image Scan must be applied during the Continuous Delivery and Deployment stage triggered by Publish to Artifact and Image Repository trigger. Example: GitLab uses the open source Clair engine for container image scanning	Image Security
sec.del.002	IaaC	Code Signing must be applied during the Continuous Deliveryand Deployment stage and Image Repository trigger. Code Signing provides authentication to assure that downloaded files are form the publisher named on the certificate	Image Security
sec.del.004	IaaC	Component Vulnerability Scan must be applied during the Continuous Delivery and Deployment stage triggered by Instantiate Infrastructure trigger. The vulnerability scanning system is deployed on the cloud platform to detect security vulnerabilities of specified components through scanning and to provide timely security protection. Example: OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP)	Image Security

Runtime Defence and Monitoring Requirements

Table 2.22 Reference Model Requirements - IaaC Security Requirements, Runtime Defence and Monitoring Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.run.001	IaaC	Component Vulnerability Monitoring must be continuously applied during the Runtime Defence and monitoring stage. Security technology that monitors components like virtual servers and assesses data, applications, and infrastructure forsecurity risks	Not detailed

2.1.9.10. Compliance with Standards Requirements

Table 2.23 Reference Model Requirements: Compliance with Standards

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
sec.std.012	Standards	The Public Cloud Operator must, and the Private Cloud Operator may be certified to be compliant with the International Standard on Awareness Engagements (ISAE) 3402 (in the US:SSAE 16); International Standard on Awareness Engagements (ISAE) 3402. US Equivalent: SSAE16	Not detailed

2.2. Architecture and OpenStack Requirements

“Architecture” in this chapter refers to Cloud Infrastructure (referred to as NFVI by ETSI) and VIM, as specified in Reference Model Chapter 3.

2.2.1. General Requirements

Table 2.24 General Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
gen.ost.01	Open source	The Architecture must use OpenStack APIs	Consolidated Set of APIs
gen.ost.02	Open source	The Architecture must support dynamic request and configuration of virtual resources (compute, network, storage) through OpenStack APIs	Consolidated Set of APIs
gen.rsl.01	Resiliency	The Architecture must support resilient OpenStack components that are required for the continued availability of running workloads	Containerised OpenStack Services
gen.avl.01	Availability	The Architecture must provide High Availability for OpenStack components	Underlying Resources Configuration and Dimensioning

2.2.2. Infrastructure Requirements

Table 2.25 Infrastructure Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
inf.com.01	Compute	The Architecture must provide compute resources for instances	Cloud Workload Services
inf.com.04	Compute	The Architecture must be able to support multiple CPU type options to support various infrastructure profiles (Basic and High Performance)	Support for Cloud Infrastructure Profiles and flavors
inf.com.05	Compute	The Architecture must support Hardware Platforms with NUMA capabilities	Support for Cloud Infrastructure Profiles and flavors
inf.com.06	Compute	The Architecture must support CPU Pinning of the vCPUs of an instance	Support for Cloud Infrastructure Profiles and flavors
inf.com.07	Compute	The Architecture must support different hardware configurations to support various infrastructure profiles (Basic and High Performance)	Cloud partitioning: Host Aggregates, Availability Zones
inf.com.08	Compute	The Architecture must support allocating certain number of host cores for all non-tenant workloads such as for OpenStack services. SMT threads can be allocated to individual OpenStack services or their components. Dedicating host cores to certain workloads (e.g., OpenStack services) [10]. Please see example, Configuring libvirt compute nodes for CPU pinning [11]	Cloud partitioning: Host Aggregates, Availability Zones
inf.com.09	Compute	The Architecture must ensure that the host cores assigned to non-tenant and tenant workloads are SMT aware: that is, a host core and its associated SMT threads are either all assigned to non-tenant workloads or all assigned to tenant workloads	Pinned and Unpinned CPUs
inf.stg.01	Storage	The Architecture must provide remote (not directly attached to the host) Block storage for Instances	Storage
inf.stg.02	Storage	The Architecture must provide Object storage for Instances. Operators may choose not to implement Object Storage but must be cognizant of the the risk of “Compliant VNFs” failing in their environment	Swift
inf.nw.01	Network	The Architecture must provide virtual network interfaces to instances	Neutron API
inf.nw.02	Network	The Architecture must include capabilities for integrating SDN controllers to support provisioning of network services, from the SDN OpenStack Neutron service, such as networking of VTEPs to the Border Edge based VRFs	Virtual Networking - 3rd party SDN solution
inf.nw.03	Network	The Architecture must support low latency and high throughput traffic needs	Network Fabric
inf.nw.05	Network	The Architecture must allow for East/West tenant traffic within the cloud (via tunnelled encapsulation overlay such as VXLAN or Geneve)	Network Fabric
inf.nw.07	Network	The Architecture must support network resiliency	Network
inf.nw.10	Network	The Cloud Infrastructure Network Fabric must be capable of enabling highly available (Five 9’s or better) Cloud Infrastructure	Network
inf.nw.15	Network	The Architecture must support multiple networking options for Cloud Infrastructure to support various infrastructure profiles (Basic and High Performance)	Neutron Extensions and OpenStack Neutron Plugins [12]
inf.nw.16	Network	The Architecture must support dual stack IPv4 and IPv6 for tenant networks and workloads	Not detailed

2.2.3. VIM Requirements

Table 2.26 VIM Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
vim.01	General	The Architecture must allow infrastructure resource sharing	Resources and Services exposed to VNFs
vim.03	General	The Architecture must allow VIM to discover and manage Cloud Infrastructure resources	Placement API
vim.05	General	The Architecture must include image repository management	Glance API
vim.07	General	The Architecture must support multi-tenancy	Multi-Tenancy (execution environment)
vim.08	General	The Architecture must support resource tagging	OpenStack Resource Tags [13]

2.2.4. Interfaces & APIs Requirements

Table 2.27 Interfaces and APIs Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
int.api.01	API	The Architecture must provide APIs to access the authentication service and the associated mandatory features detailed in chapter 5	Keystone API
int.api.02	API	The Architecture must provide APIs to access the image management service and the associated mandatory features detailed in chapter 5	Glance API
int.api.03	API	The Architecture must provide APIs to access the block storage management service and the associated mandatory features detailed in chapter 5	Cinder API
int.api.04	API	The Architecture must provide APIs to access the object storage management service and the associated mandatory features detailed in chapter 5	Swift API
int.api.05	API	The Architecture must provide APIs to access the network management service and the associated mandatory features detailed in chapter 5	Neutron API
int.api.06	API	The Architecture must provide APIs to access the compute resources management service and the associated mandatory features detailed in chapter 5	Nova API
int.api.07	API	The Architecture must provide GUI access to tenant facing cloud platform core services except at Edge/Far Edge clouds	Horizon
int.api.08	API	The Architecture must provide APIs needed to discover and manage Cloud Infrastructure resources	Placement API
int.api.09	API	The Architecture must provide APIs to access the orchestration service	Heat API
int.api.10	API	The Architecture must expose the latest version and microversion of the APIs for the given Anuket OpenStack release for each of the OpenStack core services	Core OpenStack Services APIs

2.2.5. Tenant Requirements

Table 2.28 Tenant Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
tnt.gen.01	General	The Architecture must support self-service dashboard (GUI) and APIs for users to deploy, configure and manage their workloads	Horizon and Cloud Workload Services

2.2.6. Operations and LCM

Table 2.29 LCM Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
lcm.gen.01	General	The Architecture must support zero downtime of running workloads when the number of compute hosts and/or the storage capacity is being expanded or unused capacity is being removed	Not detailed
lcm.adp.02	Automated deployment	The Architecture must support upgrades of software, provided by the cloud provider, so that the running workloads are not impacted (viz., hitless upgrades). Please note that this means that the existing data plane services should not fail (go down)	Containerised OpenStack Services

2.2.7. Assurance Requirements

Table 2.30 Assurance Requirements

Reference	sub-category	Description	Specification Reference
asr.mon.01	Integration	The Architecture must include integration with various infrastructure components to support collection of telemetry for assurance monitoring and network intelligence	Logging, Monitoring and Analytics
asr.mon.03	Monitoring	The Architecture must allow for the collection and dissemination of performance and fault information	Logging, Monitoring and Analytics
asr.mon.04	Network	The Cloud Infrastructure Network Fabric and Network Operating System must provide network operational visibility through alarming and streaming telemetry services for operational management, engineering planning, troubleshooting, and network performance optimisation	Logging, Monitoring and Analytics

2.2.8. Architecture and OpenStack Recommendations

The requirements listed in this section are optional, and are not required in order to be deemed a conformant implementation.

2.2.9. General Recommendations

Table 2.31 General Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
gen.cnt.01	Cloud nativeness	The Architecture should consist of stateless service components. However, where state is required it must be kept external to the component	OpenStack consists of both stateless and stateful services where the stateful services utilise a database. For latter see Configuring the stateful services [14]
gen.cnt.02	Cloud nativeness	The Architecture should consist of service components implemented as microservices that are individually dynamically scalable
gen.scl.01	Scalability	The Architecture should support policy driven auto-scaling.	This requirement is currently not addressed but will likely be supported through Senlin [15], cluste management service
gen.rsl.02	Resiliency	The Architecture should support resilient OpenStack service components that are not subject to gen.rsl.01

2.2.10. Infrastructure Recommendations

Table 2.32 Infrastructure Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
inf.com.02	Compute	The Architecture should include industry standard hardware management systems at both HW device level (embedded) and HW platform level (external to device)
inf.com.03	Compute	The Architecture should support Symmetric Multiprocessing with shared memory access as well as Simultaneous Multithreading
inf.stg.08	Storage	The Architecture should allow use of externally provided large archival storage for its Backup / Restore / Archival needs
inf.stg.09	Storage	The Architecture should make available all non-host OS / Hypervisor / Host systems storage as network-based Block, File or Object Storage for tenant/management consumption
inf.stg.10	Storage	The Architecture should provide local Block storage for Instances	Virtual Storage
inf.nw.04	Network	The Architecture should support service function chaining
inf.nw.06	Network	The Architecture should support Distributed Virtual Routing (DVR) to allow compute nodes to route traffic efficiently
inf.nw.08	Network	The Cloud Infrastructure Network Fabric should embrace the concepts of open networking and disaggregation using commodity networking hardware and disaggregated Network Operating Systems
inf.nw.09	Network	The Cloud Infrastructure Network Fabric should embrace open-based standards and technologies
inf.nw.11	Network	The Cloud Infrastructure Network Fabric should be architected to provide a standardised, scalable, and repeatable deployment model across all applicable Cloud Infrastructure sites
inf.nw.17	Network	The Architecture should use dual stack IPv4 and IPv6 for Cloud Infrastructure internal networks
inf.acc.01	Acceleration	The Architecture should support Application Specific Acceleration (exposed to VNFs)	Acceleration
inf.acc.02	Acceleration	The Architecture should support Cloud Infrastructure Acceleration (such as SmartNICs)	OpenStack Future - Specs defined [16]
inf.acc.03	Acceleration	The Architecture may rely on on SR-IOV PCI-Pass through to provide acceleration to VNFs
inf.img.01	Image	The Architecture should make the immutable images available via location independent means	Glance

2.2.11. VIM Recommendations

Table 2.33 VIM Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
vim.02	General	The Architecture should support deployment of OpenStack components in containers	Containerised OpenStack Services
vim.04	General	The Architecture should support Enhanced Platform Awareness (EPA) only for discovery of infrastructure resource capabilities
vim.06	General	The Architecture should allow orchestration solutions to be integrated with VIM
vim.09	General	The Architecture should support horizontal scaling of OpenStack core services

2.2.12. Interfaces and APIs Recommendations

Table 2.34 Interfaces and APIs Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
int.acc.01	Acceleration	The Architecture should provide an open and standard acceleration interface to VNFs
int.acc.02	Acceleration	The Architecture should not rely on SR-IOV PCI-Pass through for acceleration interface exposed to VNFs	duplicate of inf.acc.03 under “Infrastructure Recommendation”

2.2.13. Tenant Recommendations

This section is left blank for future use.

2.2.14. Operations and LCM Recommendations

Table 2.35 LCM Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
lcm.adp.01	Automated deployment	The Architecture should allow for cookie cutter automated deployment, configuration, provisioning and management of multiple Cloud Infrastructure sites
lcm.adp.03	Automated deployment	The Architecture should support hitless upgrade of all software provided by the cloud provider that are not covered by lcm.adp.02. Whenever hitless upgrades are not feasible, attempt should be made to minimise the duration and nature of impact
lcm.adp.04	Automated deployment	The Architecture should support declarative specifications of hardware and software assets for automated deployment, configuration, maintenance and management
lcm.adp.05	Automated deployment	The Architecture should support automated process for Deployment and life-cycle management of VIM Instances
lcm.cid.02	CI/CD	The Architecture should support integrating with CI/CD Toolchain for Cloud Infrastructure and VIM components Automation

2.2.15. Assurance Recommendations

Table 2.36 Assurance Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
asr.mon.02	Monitoring	The Architecture should support Network Intelligence capabilities that allow richer diagnostic capabilities which take as input broader set of data across the network and from VNF workloads

2.2.16. Security Recommendations

2.2.16.1. System Hardening Recommendations

Table 2.37 System Hardening Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.gen.011	Hardening	The Cloud Infrastructure should support Read and Write only storage partitions (write only permission to one or more authorised actors)
sec.gen.014	Hardening	All servers part of Cloud Infrastructure should support measured boot and an attestation server that monitors the measurements of the servers

2.2.16.2. Platform and Access Recommendations

Table 2.38 Platform and Access Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.sys.014	Access	The Platform should use Linux Security Modules such as SELinux to control access to resources
sec.sys.020	Access	The Cloud Infrastructure architecture should rely on Zero Trust principles to build a secure by design environment	Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) described in NIST SP 800-207

2.2.16.3. Confidentiality and Integrity Recommendations

Table 2.39 Confidentiality and Integrity Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.ci.002	Confidentiality / Integrity	The Platform should support self-encrypting storage devices
sec.ci.009	Confidentiality / Integrity	For sensitive data encryption, the key management service should leverage a Hardware Security Module to manage and protect cryptographic keys

2.2.16.4. Workload Security Recommendations

Table 2.40 Workload Security Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.wl.007	Workload	The Operator should implement processes and tools to verify VNF authenticity and integrity

2.2.16.5. Image Security Recommendations

Table 2.41 Image Security Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.img.009	Image	CIS Hardened Images should be used whenever possible
sec.img.010	Image	Minimalist base images should be used whenever possible

2.2.16.6. Security LCM Recommendations

Table 2.42 LCM Security Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.lcm.004	LCM	The Cloud Operator should support automated templated approved changes; Templated approved changes for automation where available

2.2.16.7. Monitoring and Security Audit Recommendations

The Platform is assumed to provide configurable alerting and notification capability and the operator is assumed to have automated systems, policies and procedures to act on alerts and notifications in a timely fashion. In the following the monitoring and logging capabilities can trigger alerts and notifications for appropriate action.

Table 2.43 Monitoring and Security Audit Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.mon.014	Monitoring	The Monitoring systems should not impact IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS SLAs including availability SLAs
sec.mon.016	Monitoring	The Platform Monitoring components should follow security best practices for auditing, including secure logging and tracing

2.2.16.8. Open-Source Software Security Recommendations

Table 2.44 Open-Source Software Security Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.oss.005	Software	A Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) should be provided or build, and maintained to identify the software components and their origins. Inventory of software components	NTIA SBOM [17]

2.2.16.9. IaaC security Recommendations

Secure Design and Architecture Stage

Table 2.45 Reference Model Requirements: IaaC Security, Design and Architecture Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.arch.001	IaaC	Threat Modelling methodologies and tools should be used during the Secure Design and Architecture stage triggered by Software Feature Design trigger. Methodology to identify and understand threats impacting a resource or set of resources	It may be done manually or using tools like open source OWASP Threat Dragon
sec.arch.002	IaaC	Security Control Baseline Assessment should be performed during the Secure Design and Architecture stage triggered by Software Feature Design trigger	Typically done manually by internal or independent assessors

Secure Code Stage Recommendations

Table 2.46 Reference Model Requirements: IaaC Security, Secure Code Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.code.002	IaaC	SCA - Software Composition Analysis should be applied during Secure Coding stage triggered by Pull, Clone or Comment trigger. Security testing that analyses application source code or compiled code for software components with known vulnerabilities	Example: open source OWASP range of tools
sec.code.003	IaaC	Source Code Review should be performed continuously during Secure Coding stage.	Typically done manually.
sec.code.004	IaaC	Integrated SAST via IDE Plugins should be used during Secure Coding stage triggered by Developer Code trigger. On the local machine: through the IDE or integrated test suites; triggered on completion of coding by developer
sec.code.005	IaaC	SAST of Source Code Repo should be performed during Secure Coding stage triggered by Developer Code trigger. Continuous delivery pre -deployment: scanning prior to deployment

Continuous Build, Integration and Testing Stage Recommendations

Table 2.47 Reference Model Requirements: IaaC Security, Continuous Build, Integration and Testing Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.bld.001	IaaC	SAST -Static Application Security Testing should be applied during the Continuous Build, Integration and Testing stage triggered by Build and Integrate trigger	Example: open source OWASP range of tools.
sec.bld.002	IaaC	SCA - Software Composition Analysis should be applied during the Continuous Build, Integration and Testing stage triggered by Build and Integrate trigger	Example: open source OWASP range of tools
sec.bld.004	IaaC	SDAST - Dynamic Application Security Testing should be applied during the Continuous Build, Integration and Testing stage triggered by Stage & Test trigger. Security testing that analyses a running application by exercising application functionality and detecting vulnerabilities based on application behaviour and response	Example: OWASP ZAP
sec.bld.005	IaaC	Fuzzing should be applied during the Continuous Build, Integration and testing stage triggered by Stage & Test trigger. Fuzzing or fuzz testing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program	Example: GitLab Open Sources Protocol Fuzzer Community Edition
sec.bld.006	IaaC	IAST - Interactive Application Security Testing should be applied during the Continuous Build, Integration and Testing stage triggered by Stage & Test trigger. Software component deployed with an application that assesses application behaviour and detects presence of vulnerabilities on an application being exercised in realistic testing scenarios	Example: Contrast Community Edition

Continuous Delivery and Deployment Stage Recommendations

Table 2.48 Reference Model Requirements: IaaC Security, Continuous Delivery and Deployment Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.del.003	IaaC	Artifact and Image Repository Scan should be continuously applied during the Continuous Delivery and Deployment stage	Example: GitLab uses the open source Clair engine for container scanning

Runtime Defence and Monitoring Recommendations

Table 2.49 Reference Model Requirements: Iaac Security, Runtime Defence and Monitoring Stage

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.run.002	IaaC	RASP - Runtime Application Self-Protection should be continuously applied during the Runtime Defence and Monitoring stage. Security technology deployed within the target application in production for detecting, alerting, and blocking attacks
sec.run.003	IaaC	Application testing and Fuzzing should be continuously applied during the Runtime Defence and Monitoring stage. Fuzzing or fuzz testing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program	Example: GitLab Open Sources Protocol Fuzzer Community Edition
sec.run.004	IaaC	Penetration Testing should be continuously applied during the Runtime Defence and Monitoring stage	Typically done manually

2.2.16.10. Compliance with Standards Recommendations

Table 2.50 Compliance with Security Recommendations

Reference	sub-category	Description	Notes
sec.std.001	Standards	The Cloud Operator should comply with Center for Internet Security CIS Controls [18]
sec.std.002	Standards	The Cloud Operator, Platform and Workloads should follow the guidance in the CSA Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing (latest version)- CSA, Cloud Security Alliance [19]
sec.std.003	Standards	The Platform and Workloads should follow the guidance in the OWASP Cheat Sheet Series (OCSS) [20] - OWASP, Open Web Application Security Project [21]
sec.std.004	Standards	The Cloud Operator, Platform and Workloads should ensure that their code is not vulnerable to the OWASP Top Ten Security Risks [22]
sec.std.005	Standards	The Cloud Operator, Platform and Workloads should strive to improve their maturity on the OWASP Software Maturity Model (SAMM) [23]
sec.std.006	Standards	The Cloud Operator, Platform and Workloads should utilise the OWASP Web Security Testing Guide [24]
sec.std.007	Standards	The Cloud Operator, and Platform should satisfy the requirements for Information Management Systems specified in ISO/IEC 27001 [25]; ISO/IEC 27001 is the international Standard for best-practice information security management systems (ISMSs)
sec.std.008	Standards	The Cloud Operator, and Platform should implement the Code of practice for Security Controls specified ISO/IEC 27002:2013 (or latest) [26]
sec.std.009	Standards	The Cloud Operator, and Platform should implement the ISO/IEC 27032:2012 (or latest) Guidelines for Cybersecurity techniques [27]; ISO/IEC 27032 is the international Standard focusing explicitly on cybersecurity
sec.std.010	Standards	The Cloud Operator should conform to the ISO/IEC 27035 standard for incidence management; ISO/IEC 27035 is the international Standard for incident management
sec.std.011	Standards	The Cloud Operator should conform to the ISO/IEC 27031 standard for business continuity; ISO/IEC 27031 - ISO/IEC 27031 is the international Standard for ICT readiness for business continuity